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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:175%;padding-top:0; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">Forensic science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_biology" title="Forensic biology">Biology</a></li>
<li><a href="Bloodstain_pattern_analysis" title="Bloodstain pattern analysis">Bloodstain pattern analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_dentistry" title="Forensic dentistry">Dentistry</a></li>
<li><a href="DNA_phenotyping" title="DNA phenotyping">DNA phenotyping</a></li>
<li><a href="DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling">DNA profiling</a>
<ul><li><a href="Investigative_genetic_genealogy" title="Investigative genetic genealogy">Forensic genealogy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_entomology" title="Forensic entomology">Entomology</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_epidemiology" title="Forensic epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_limnology" title="Forensic limnology">Limnology</a></li>
<li><a href="Medical_jurisprudence" title="Medical jurisprudence">Medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_palynology" title="Forensic palynology">Palynology</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Pathology</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_podiatry" title="Forensic podiatry">Podiatry</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_toxicology" title="Forensic toxicology">Toxicology</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Social_science" title="Social science">Social</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Forensic_psychiatry" title="Forensic psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_psychotherapy" title="Forensic psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_social_work" title="Forensic social work">Social work</a></li>
<li><a href="Verbal_autopsy" title="Verbal autopsy">Verbal autopsy</a></li></ul>
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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Criminalistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Forensic_accounting" title="Forensic accounting">Accounting</a></li>
<li><a href="Body_identification" title="Body identification">Body identification</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_chemistry" title="Forensic chemistry">Chemistry</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_colorimetry" title="Forensic colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li>
<li><a href="Election_forensics" title="Election forensics">Election forensics</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_facial_reconstruction" title="Forensic facial reconstruction">Facial reconstruction</a></li>
<li><a href="Fingerprint" title="Fingerprint">Fingerprint analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Firearm examination</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_footwear_evidence" title="Forensic footwear evidence">Footwear evidence</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_arts" title="Forensic arts">Forensic arts</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_profiling" title="Forensic profiling">Profiling</a></li>
<li><a href="Glove_prints" title="Glove prints">Gloveprint analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Palm_print" title="Palm print">Palmprint analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Questioned_document_examination" title="Questioned document examination">Questioned document examination</a></li>
<li><a href="Vein_matching" title="Vein matching">Vein matching</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_geophysics" title="Forensic geophysics">Forensic geophysics</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_geology" title="Forensic geology">Forensic geology</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li></ul>
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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Digital_forensics" title="Digital forensics">Digital forensics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">Computer exams</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_data_analysis" title="Forensic data analysis">Data analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="GPS_tracking_unit" title="GPS tracking unit">Location analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Malware_analysis" title="Malware analysis">Malware analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Mobile_device_forensics" title="Mobile device forensics">Mobile devices</a></li>
<li><a href="Network_forensics" title="Network forensics">Network analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Photography</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_video_analysis" title="Forensic video analysis">Video analysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Audio_forensics" title="Audio forensics">Audio analysis</a></li></ul>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Related disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Forensic_electrical_engineering" title="Forensic electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Fire_investigation" title="Fire investigation">Fire investigation</a></li>
<li><a href="Detection_of_fire_accelerants" title="Detection of fire accelerants">Fire accelerant detection</a></li>
<li><a href="Fractography" title="Fractography">Fractography</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_materials_engineering" title="Forensic materials engineering">Materials engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_polymer_engineering" title="Forensic polymer engineering">Polymer engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_statistics" title="Forensic statistics">Statistics</a></li>
<li><a href="Traffic_collision_reconstruction" title="Traffic collision reconstruction">Traffic collision reconstruction</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Crime_scene" title="Crime scene">Crime scene</a></li>
<li><a href="CSI_effect" title="CSI effect">CSI effect</a></li>
<li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Use_of_DNA_in_forensic_entomology" title="Use of DNA in forensic entomology">DNA in forensic entomology</a></div></li>
<li><a href="Perry_Mason_syndrome" title="Perry Mason syndrome">Perry Mason syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Pollen_calendar" title="Pollen calendar">Pollen calendar</a></li>
<li><a href="Skid_mark" title="Skid mark">Skid mark</a></li>
<li><a href="Trace_evidence" title="Trace evidence">Trace evidence</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="display:block;margin-top:0.7em; padding-top:0.15em;">
<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_forensic_science" title="Outline of forensic science">Outline</a></li>
<li>Category</li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0.15em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">
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<p><b>Database forensics</b> is a branch of <a href="Digital_forensics" title="Digital forensics">digital forensic science</a> relating to the forensic study of <a href="Databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Databases">databases</a> and their related <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The discipline is similar to <a href="Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">computer forensics</a>, following the normal forensic process and applying investigative techniques to database contents and metadata. Cached information may also exist in a <a href="Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> <a href="RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> requiring <a href="Digital_forensics#live_analysis" title="Digital forensics">live analysis</a> techniques.
</p><p>A forensic examination of a database may relate to the timestamps that apply to the update time of a row in a relational table being inspected and tested for validity in order to verify the actions of a database user. Alternatively, a forensic examination may focus on identifying transactions within a database system or application that indicate evidence of wrongdoing, such as fraud.
</p><p>Software tools can be used to manipulate and analyse data. These tools also provide audit logging capabilities which provide documented proof of what tasks or analysis a forensic examiner performed on the database.
</p><p>As of 2008, many database software tools are in general not reliable and precise enough to be used for forensic work as demonstrated in the first paper published on database forensics.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008, there was only a single book published in this field,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though more are destined.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally there is a subsequent <i>SQL Server Forensics</i> book by Kevvie Fowler which is also well regarded.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The forensic study of relational databases requires a knowledge of the standard used to encode data on the computer disk. A documentation of standards used to encode information in well-known brands of DB such as SQL Server and Oracle has been contributed to the public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others include Apex Analytix.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Because the forensic analysis of a database is not executed in isolation, the technological framework within which a subject database exists is crucial to understanding and resolving questions of data authenticity and integrity especially as it relates to database users.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li>Farmer and Venema, 1999, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.porcupine.org/forensics/forensic-discovery/appendixB.html">http://www.porcupine.org/forensics/forensic-discovery/appendixB.html</a></li>
<li>Sarbanes Oxley section 404 – enforce financial standards to limit chance of fraud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://thecaq.aicpa.org/Resources/Sarbanes+Oxley/">http://thecaq.aicpa.org/Resources/Sarbanes+Oxley/</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013120741/http://thecaq.aicpa.org/Resources/Sarbanes+Oxley/">Archived</a> 2007-10-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>
<li>HIPAA – Health and Portability Act <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051219200504/http://www.cms.hhs.gov/hipaa/">https://web.archive.org/web/20051219200504/http://www.cms.hhs.gov/hipaa/</a></li>
<li>Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06674.pdf">http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06674.pdf</a></li>
<li>Oracle Forensics In a Nutshell, Paul M. Wright (May 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oracleforensics.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/OracleForensicsInANutshell.pdf">http://www.oracleforensics.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/OracleForensicsInANutshell.pdf</a></li>
<li>Oracle Forensics, Paul Wright, Rampant Techpress, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9776715-2-6</bdi>, May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.rampant-books.com/book_2007_1_oracle_forensics.htm">http://www.rampant-books.com/book_2007_1_oracle_forensics.htm</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">
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<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOlivier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Olivier, Martin S. (March 2009). "On metadata context in Database Forensics". <i>Digital Investigation</i>. <b>5</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>123. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.566.7390">10.1.1.566.7390</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.diin.2008.10.001">10.1016/j.diin.2008.10.001</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060428163551/http://www.giac.org/certified_professionals/practicals/gcfa/0159.php">"Oracle Database Forensics using LogMiner - GIAC Certified Student Practical"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giac.org/certified_professionals/practicals/gcfa/0159.php">the original</a> on 2006-04-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-08</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oracle Forensics <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-9776715-2-6</bdi> (May 2008)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oracle Forensics Using Quisix <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-470-19118-X</bdi> (Dec 2008)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SQL Server Forensics <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-321-54436-6</bdi> (Dec 2008)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/forensics/1906.php">SANS Institute – Forensic Analysis of a SQL Server 2005 Database Server</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.databasesecurity.com/oracle-forensics.htm">Oracle Forensics and Incident Response - databasesecurity.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908135737/http://www.databasesecurity.com/oracle-forensics.htm">Archived</a> September 8, 2013, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMick_Normington2004" class="citation news cs1">Mick Normington (5 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/triad/stories/2004/01/05/story3.html">"Ready for take off"</a>. <i>The Business Journal</i>. Greensboro<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_forensics201" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Digital_forensics201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Digital_forensics" title="Digital forensics">Digital forensics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Computer_forensics" title="Computer forensics">Computer forensics</a></li>
<li><a href="Mobile_device_forensics" title="Mobile device forensics">Mobile device forensics</a></li>
<li><a href="Network_forensics" title="Network forensics">Network forensics</a></li>
<li><a href="Software_forensics" title="Software forensics">Software forensics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Forensic_disk_controller" title="Forensic disk controller">Forensic disk controller</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_digital_forensics_tools" title="List of digital forensics tools">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="ADF_Solutions" title="ADF Solutions">ADF Solutions Digital Evidence Investigator</a></li>
<li><a href="EnCase" title="EnCase">EnCase</a></li>
<li><a href="Foremost_(software)" title="Foremost (software)">Foremost</a></li>
<li><a href="Forensic_Toolkit" title="Forensic Toolkit">FTK</a></li>
<li><a href="PTK_Forensics" title="PTK Forensics">PTK Forensics</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Sleuth_Kit" title="The Sleuth Kit">The Sleuth Kit</a></li>
<li><a href="The_Coroner's_Toolkit" title="The Coroner's Toolkit">The Coroner's Toolkit</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_Online_Forensic_Evidence_Extractor" title="Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor">COFEE</a></li>
<li><a href="HashKeeper" title="HashKeeper">HashKeeper</a></li>
<li><a href="Xplico" title="Xplico">Xplico</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Certification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Certified_Forensic_Computer_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Forensic Computer Examiner">Certified Forensic Computer Examiner (CFCE)</a></li>
<li><a href="Global_Information_Assurance_Certification" title="Global Information Assurance Certification">Global Information Assurance Certification</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Digital_forensic_process" title="Digital forensic process">Digital forensic process</a></li>
<li><a href="Disk_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk imaging">Data acquisition</a></li>
<li><a href="Digital_evidence" title="Digital evidence">Digital evidence</a></li>
<li><a href="Electronic_discovery" title="Electronic discovery">eDiscovery</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti%E2%80%93computer_forensics" title="Anti–computer forensics">Anti–computer forensics</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="National_Software_Reference_Library" title="National Software Reference Library">National Software Reference Library</a></li>
<li><a href="Department_of_Defense_Cyber_Crime_Center" title="Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center">Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center</a></li>
<li><a href="National_Hi-Tech_Crime_Unit" title="National Hi-Tech Crime Unit">National Hi-Tech Crime Unit (NHTCU)</a></li>
<li><a href="Australian_High_Tech_Crime_Centre" title="Australian High Tech Crime Centre">Australian High Tech Crime Centre (AHTCC)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Mary_Aiken_(psychologist)" title="Mary Aiken (psychologist)">Mary Aiken</a></li>
<li><a href="Annie_Ant%C3%B3n" title="Annie Antón">Annie Antón</a></li>
<li><a href="Rebecca_Bace" title="Rebecca Bace">Rebecca Bace</a></li>
<li><a href="Josh_Brunty" title="Josh Brunty">Josh Brunty</a></li>
<li><a href="Eoghan_Casey" title="Eoghan Casey">Eoghan Casey</a></li>
<li><a href="Hany_Farid" title="Hany Farid">Hany Farid</a></li>
<li><a href="Simson_Garfinkel" title="Simson Garfinkel">Simson Garfinkel</a></li>
<li><a href="Clifford_Stoll" title="Clifford Stoll">Clifford Stoll</a></li>
<li><a href="Robert_Zeidman" title="Robert Zeidman">Robert Zeidman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_digital_forensics_terms" title="Glossary of digital forensics terms">Glossary of digital forensics terms</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Database414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Database414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Database#Major_database_usage_requirements" title="Database">Requirements</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_theory" title="Database theory">Theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_object" title="Database object">Database object</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_model" title="Database model">Models</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Database management system">Database management system</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_machine" title="Database machine">Machine</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_engine" title="Database engine">Engine</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_server" title="Database server">Server</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_application" title="Database application">Application</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_connection" title="Database connection">Connection</a>
<ul><li><a href="Datasource" title="Datasource">datasource</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_Source_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Source Name">DSN</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Database_administrator" title="Database administrator">Administrator</a></li>
<li><a href="Synonym_(database)" title="Synonym (database)">Synonym</a></li>
<li><a href="Lock_(database)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (database)">Lock</a></li>
<li>Types</li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_database_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of database tools">Tools</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database#Database_languages" title="Database">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Data_definition_language" title="Data definition language">Data definition</a></li>
<li><a href="Data_manipulation_language" title="Data manipulation language">Data manipulation</a></li>
<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a>
<ul><li><a href="Information_retrieval_query_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Information retrieval query language">information retrieval</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database_security" title="Database security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Database_activity_monitoring" title="Database activity monitoring">Activity monitoring</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_audit" title="Database audit">Audit</a></li>
<li><a href="Negative_database" title="Negative database">Negative database</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Database_design" title="Database design">Design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entities and relationships</a> (and <a href="Enhanced_entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Enhanced entity–relationship model">Enhanced</a> notation)</li>
<li><a href="Database_normalization" title="Database normalization">Normalization</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_schema" title="Database schema">Schema</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_refactoring" title="Database refactoring">Refactoring</a></li>
<li><a href="Cardinality_(data_modeling)" title="Cardinality (data modeling)">Cardinality</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Database_abstraction_layer" title="Database abstraction layer">Abstraction layer</a></li>
<li><a href="Object%E2%80%93relational_mapping" title="Object–relational mapping">Object–relational mapping</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Database_virtualization" title="Database virtualization">Virtualization</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_tuning" title="Database tuning">Tuning</a>
<ul><li><a href="Database_caching" title="Database caching">caching</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Data_migration#Database_migration" title="Data migration">Migration</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Preservation</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Database integrity">Integrity</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_databases" title="Lists of databases">Lists of</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">Biological</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_biodiversity_databases" title="List of biodiversity databases">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">Facial expression</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_online_databases" title="List of online databases">Online</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_online_music_databases" title="List of online music databases">Online music</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_online_real_estate_databases" title="List of online real estate databases">Online real estate</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Database-centric_architecture" title="Database-centric architecture">Database-centric architecture</a></li>
<li><a href="Intelligent_database" title="Intelligent database">Intelligent database</a></li>
<li><a href="Two-phase_locking" title="Two-phase locking">Two-phase locking</a></li>
<li><a href="Locks_with_ordered_sharing" title="Locks with ordered sharing">Locks with ordered sharing</a></li>
<li><a href="Load_file" title="Load file">Load file</a></li>
<li><a href="Database_publishing" title="Database publishing">Publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="Halloween_Problem" title="Halloween Problem">Halloween Problem</a></li>
<li><a href="Log_shipping" title="Log shipping">Log shipping</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</b> <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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